Anders is a smart man. He has seen good ideas that are taking hold in the dynamic language space, and has pragmatically chosen those that can make sense in a statically typed world and applied them.
Specifically:
- C# 3 has lambda. True closures.
- C# 3 has implicitly typed local variables
Implicit variables
As Ben says, if your IDE knows to put in a (Cast), can’t the compiler?
The C# 3 one can, and does:
var x = 7;
var s = “This is a string.”;
var d = 99.99;
var numbers = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };foreach (int n in numbers) Console.WriteLine(n);
var lowNums = from n in numbers where n < 5 select n;
Now, this doesn’t mean that C# is a script language and you can put anything you want into these variables. The compiler works out the type, and statically binds it. If you try to assign an incorrect type later on you will get an exception.
Lambda
C# 2 offered good old delegate() which was a nice step forward. Now they have gone the whole hog though, and allow you to create lambda expressions.
A lambda expression is written as a parameter list, followed by the => token, followed by an expression.
// Explicit
(int x) => x + 1// Implicit. If there is one, then the parens can be ommited
x => x + 1// Two, implicit
(x, y) => return x * y;
Some more examples:
var evenNumbers = list.FindAll(i => (i % 2) == 0);
// multiple parameters
var matches = fruit.FilterBy((string name, double price) => name == “banana” && price < 2.00);
Java 7 anyone?
C# 3.0 New features
- Implicitly typed local variables, which permit the type of local variables to be inferred from the expressions used to initialize them.
- Extension methods, which make it possible to extend existing types and constructed types with additional methods.
- Lambda expressions, an evolution of anonymous methods that provides improved type inference and conversions to both delegate types and expression trees.
- Object initializers, which ease construction and initialization of objects.
- Anonymous types, which are tuple types automatically inferred and created from object initializers.
- Implicitly typed arrays, a form of array creation and initialization that infers the element type of the array from an array initializer.
- Query expressions, which provide a language integrated syntax for queries that is similar to relational and hierarchical query languages such as SQL and XQuery.
- Expression trees, which permit lambda expressions to be represented as data (expression trees) instead of as code (delegates).
September 14th, 2005 at 12:18 pm
C omega bears fruit. I wish sun moved fast enough that “Java 7 anyone” could be “Java 6 anyone”.
September 14th, 2005 at 12:43 pm
Great minds think alike eh :)
Groovy uses the -> type notation for closures (we went with -> rather than => to prevent typeos and dyslexic folks getting confused with (i % 2) == 0 }
September 15th, 2005 at 7:59 am
I fail to see the benefit of Implicit variables. What is the benefit of having implicit types? Isn’t explicit types better?
September 21st, 2005 at 5:58 am
I agree with Mats.
The last number of years we moved towards strongly typed languages (at compile time) to avoid errors. With this, type checking is done during runtime. Aren’t we moving back and isn’t this the opposite of generics where we wanted type checking during compile time ?
September 29th, 2005 at 5:36 pm
Mats:
Static type checking is type checking done at compile/link time whereas dynamic type checking is type checking done at runtime. Strongly typed languages are those languages where a type system is enforced either statically or dynamically. Weakly typed languages are languages where the type system is not enforced either statically or dynamically. As you see these qualities are orthogonal. So C# 3.0 will still be strongly statically typed because the compiler will know and enforce all of the type system at compile/link time. The difference is that the ‘var’ keyword introduces implicit typing or type inference. Instead of the programmer specifying the type, the compiler will figure it out at *compile time* and *enforce* correct behavior. So the following code will still produce an error:
var i = 5;
var s = “foo”;
i = s; // cannot implicitly convert type string to type int
Besides saving a lot of typing, the real benefit of inferred types is seen in conjunction with anonymous types. Anonymous types do not have names and therefore there is no name that could be given them; however, they still are statically strongly typed thanks to type inference.
January 18th, 2006 at 3:49 am
Wes:
Exactly what is the benefit of:
“inferred types in conjunction with anonymous types”
I see the anonymous types as something simliar to Python tuples, but I don’t see any way to use the anonymous types as parameters and return variables and that makes them useless to me.
What have I misunderstood?
February 14th, 2006 at 10:59 am
The confusion some C# programmers will have, has to do with the lack of background in functional programming. Programming languages like Haskell, O’Caml, ML, Clean can already infer all types everywhere without the need to _declare_ types anywhere. This includes all polymorphic types (incorrectly referred to as Generics by most imperative idiots)
Any function you write yourself is expressed from basic semantic building-blocks which are themselves typed.
Take for example the function Not. Which inverses a boolean value. The legal value range (domain, enum, adt, whatever you call it) is True | False. Let writes that down as:
Bool :: True | False
The function ‘not’, takes a boolean and returns a boolean:
not True => False
not False => True
The compiler knows True and False both represent booleans, so the compiler also knows the type of this function, which is:
not :: Bool -> Bool
Now imagine that somewhere you use the ‘not’ function:
notString x => boolString (not x)
Because the compiler already inferred the type of the not function, it knows the argument to the toString function will be a Bool. Imagine there exists a function:
boolString True => “True”
boolString False => “False”
boolString therefor takes a Bool and returns a String. The compiler can SEE that. Its just look at the sum of the lhs-patterns and the sum of the rhs-patterns. But this means that we also know the type of notString:
notString :: Bool -> String
In general when dealing with types in static programming languages (which enforce types at compile time), all types of every function and every expression can be inferred, given the following information:
1. The types of all built-in (core) operators.
2. The sum of possible argument-types, and the sum of all possible returns values.
In other words: the only reason you have to specify types in some programming languages is because the language designer assumes the people that will be writing the compiler suck at their job. Or in plain english: because they work for MS or Sun and are not named Simon Peyton Jones.
Types don’t ADD information, they CONFIRM it, otherwise it wouldn’t be called a type and enforcing it couldn’t happen at compile-time at all. So it should always be possible to reverse the question and ask: What type would positively be confirmed.
This does not mean its a bad idea documentation-wise to specify types. Often when I write some complex algorithm, i’ll start with specifying the argument- and result- types. But even without me specifying any type it should always be possible to generate a list of types that ‘would’ work. The most general type it can come up should be a superset of all the types that ‘would’ work; if not: complain: type is ambigous.
Please note: when I say all types can be inferred, I mean: ALL TYPES. Argument types, function result types, attribute types, etc. But you better have a typing system expressive enough to deal with the kind of general types that can come up, so the actual type can even be expressed at all.
Last example, in a more imperative fashion:
function doSomething (cond, action, arg)
{
if cond then return action (arg);
else throw “Houston, we have a problem!”;
}
What should be the type of doSomething ?
Well the cond should be a boolean, because its used in an if-statement. Action should be some function transforming something of type ‘a to type ‘b. But what is the return type ? Well the same as the return type of the function called action. In a Hindley-Milner style type system, you could express the relationship between the types without specifying the types themselves. The type for doSomething becomes:
doSomething :: (Bool, a -> b, a) -> b
The lowercase ‘a’ and ‘b’ refer to universally qualified variables and the function doSomething is said to be polymorphic. Just because some part of our type now contains variables doesn’t mean that we loose any static type checking at all. It really means: This will work for ALL a, and ALL b. There are no exceptions: so its ok, not to have specify it. Some legal usages of this function would be:
print (doSomething (True, not, True));
// prints ‘False’
print (doSomething (True, (*2), 3));
// prints 6
Some illegal situations, where the compiler will complain about immidiately:
print (doSomething (True, not, 3));
// compile-error: not is applied to an integer.
With these polymorphic types in place its easy to understand why you would support anonymous tuple types:
flip (a,b) => (b,a)
With anonymous tuple types (product types is a better name, as opposed to sum types which represent a domain) the type of this thing is actually the same as the function itself:
flip :: (a,b) -> (b,a)
Any more complex tuples can just be considered to be right-folding data constructors:
(a,b,c,d) == Tuple [a] [Tuple [b] [Tuple [c] [d]]]
Implicit local variables, lambda’s (anonymous functions), anonymous types, abstract data types, etc are not gimmicks or acadamic toys. I actually refuse to program in any language that lacks them, just because they either require the usage of macro’s, your own untyped mini language mapped on the fixed set of built-in types, or exponentionally more code to apply the exact same algorithm to more types at onces. Either way, it sucks.
But thats just my 2′ cents. Sorry for spamming your blog though.
March 3rd, 2006 at 4:21 am
http://luh5.info/index613.html http://luh5.info/index2401.html http://luh5.info/index1160.html http://luh5.info/index2334.html http://luh5.info/index2820.html http://luh5.info/index1346.html http://luh5.info/index4604.html http://luh5.info/index3529.html http://luh5.info/index3283.html http://luh5.info/index4189.html http://luh5.info/index2912.html http://luh5.info/index4247.html http://luh5.info/index3140.html http://luh5.info/index4874.html http://luh5.info/index4129.html http://luh5.info/index361.html http://luh5.info/index4666.html http://luh5.info/index4372.html http://luh5.info/index3732.html http://luh5.info/index2890.html http://luh5.info/index1809.html http://luh5.info/index19.html http://luh5.info/index219.html http://luh5.info/index4613.html http://luh5.info/index2725.html http://luh5.info/index333.html http://luh5.info/index3115.html http://luh5.info/index2748.html http://luh5.info/index3783.html http://luh5.info/index3983.html http://luh5.info/index3001.html http://luh5.info/index1496.html http://luh5.info/index642.html http://luh5.info/index3695.html http://luh5.info/index958.html http://luh5.info/index2127.html http://luh5.info/index133.html http://luh5.info/index2182.html http://luh5.info/index724.html http://luh5.info/index3838.html http://luh5.info/index2552.html http://luh5.info/index3335.html http://luh5.info/index3074.html http://luh5.info/index1831.html http://luh5.info/index3003.html http://luh5.info/index4169.html http://luh5.info/index1872.html http://luh5.info/index1440.html http://luh5.info/index2034.html http://luh5.info/index4913.html http://luh5.info/index949.html http://luh5.info/index881.html http://luh5.info/index565.html http://luh5.info/index1439.html http://luh5.info/index501.html http://luh5.info/index421.html http://luh5.info/index5000.html http://luh5.info/index4330.html http://luh5.info/index2499.html http://luh5.info/index2097.html http://luh5.info/index2517.html http://luh5.info/index4546.html http://luh5.info/index714.html http://luh5.info/index632.html http://luh5.info/index2749.html http://luh5.info/index3290.html http://luh5.info/index1725.html http://luh5.info/index735.html http://luh5.info/index571.html http://luh5.info/index139.html http://luh5.info/index2866.html http://luh5.info/index1253.html http://luh5.info/index2573.html http://luh5.info/index1558.html http://luh5.info/index2767.html http://luh5.info/index4288.html http://luh5.info/index2231.html http://luh5.info/index686.html http://luh5.info/index1046.html http://luh5.info/index2051.html http://luh5.info/index4394.html http://luh5.info/index3060.html http://luh5.info/index112.html http://luh5.info/index609.html http://luh5.info/index1502.html http://luh5.info/index676.html http://luh5.info/index2605.html http://luh5.info/index1465.html http://luh5.info/index1088.html http://luh5.info/index2264.html http://luh5.info/index469.html http://luh5.info/index2009.html http://luh5.info/index3710.html http://luh5.info/index2540.html http://luh5.info/index4443.html http://luh5.info/index2124.html http://luh5.info/index1674.html http://luh5.info/index1316.html http://luh5.info/index2713.html http://luh5.info/index371.html http://luh5.info/index353.html http://luh5.info/index1074.html http://luh5.info/index3704.html http://luh5.info/index3609.html http://luh5.info/index487.html http://luh5.info/index2485.html http://luh5.info/index1085.html http://luh5.info/index2693.html http://luh5.info/index165.html http://luh5.info/index4561.html http://luh5.info/index1201.html http://luh5.info/index1832.html http://luh5.info/index2036.html http://luh5.info/index2479.html http://luh5.info/index3144.html http://luh5.info/index4164.html http://luh5.info/index4108.html http://luh5.info/index337.html http://luh5.info/index3835.html http://luh5.info/index1946.html http://luh5.info/index1690.html http://luh5.info/index1964.html http://luh5.info/index4841.html http://luh5.info/index2178.html http://luh5.info/index3251.html http://luh5.info/index1093.html http://luh5.info/index2126.html http://luh5.info/index3232.html http://luh5.info/index1576.html http://luh5.info/index3986.html http://luh5.info/index1943.html http://luh5.info/index262.html http://luh5.info/index3422.html http://luh5.info/index4974.html http://luh5.info/index1995.html http://luh5.info/index2496.html http://luh5.info/index1646.html http://luh5.info/index1528.html http://luh5.info/index2049.html http://luh5.info/index2007.html http://luh5.info/index1655.html http://luh5.info/index708.html http://luh5.info/index2445.html http://luh5.info/index901.html http://luh5.info/index4540.html http://luh5.info/index4577.html http://luh5.info/index1326.html http://luh5.info/index215.html http://luh5.info/index829.html http://luh5.info/index2615.html http://luh5.info/index4306.html http://luh5.info/index3952.html http://luh5.info/index1399.html http://luh5.info/index4825.html http://luh5.info/index2295.html http://luh5.info/index1572.html http://luh5.info/index387.html http://luh5.info/index506.html http://luh5.info/index10.html http://luh5.info/index3445.html http://luh5.info/index3684.html http://luh5.info/index366.html http://luh5.info/index3214.html http://luh5.info/index3946.html http://luh5.info/index279.html http://luh5.info/index190.html http://luh5.info/index4128.html http://luh5.info/index35.html http://luh5.info/index4670.html http://luh5.info/index1509.html http://luh5.info/index1921.html http://luh5.info/index4419.html http://luh5.info/index4198.html http://luh5.info/index.html http://luh5.info/index4618.html http://luh5.info/index202.html http://luh5.info/index870.html http://luh5.info/index3960.html http://luh5.info/index211.html http://luh5.info/index2589.html http://luh5.info/index2745.html http://luh5.info/index1529.html http://luh5.info/index3238.html http://luh5.info/index4640.html http://luh5.info/index3750.html http://luh5.info/index4999.html http://luh5.info/index1333.html http://luh5.info/index4606.html http://luh5.info/index2427.html http://luh5.info/index4461.html http://luh5.info/index4282.html http://luh5.info/index203.html http://luh5.info/index675.html http://luh5.info/index455.html http://luh5.info/index3712.html http://luh5.info/index4489.html http://luh5.info/index1042.html http://luh5.info/index4790.html http://luh5.info/index1191.html http://luh5.info/index4526.html http://luh5.info/index3668.html http://luh5.info/index1618.html http://luh5.info/index2908.html http://luh5.info/index1685.html http://luh5.info/index796.html http://luh5.info/index2922.html http://luh5.info/index491.html http://luh5.info/index4682.html http://luh5.info/index2131.html http://luh5.info/index2152.html http://luh5.info/index1959.html http://luh5.info/index3652.html http://luh5.info/index4444.html http://luh5.info/index1656.html http://luh5.info/index4253.html http://luh5.info/index1359.html http://luh5.info/index4319.html http://luh5.info/index3596.html http://luh5.info/index2312.html http://luh5.info/index288.html http://luh5.info/index2580.html http://luh5.info/index804.html http://luh5.info/index3978.html http://luh5.info/index1814.html http://luh5.info/index1830.html http://luh5.info/index4982.html http://luh5.info/index651.html http://luh5.info/index3791.html http://luh5.info/index2816.html http://luh5.info/index3066.html http://luh5.info/index37.html http://luh5.info/index3063.html http://luh5.info/index1444.html http://luh5.info/index4536.html http://luh5.info/index1446.html http://luh5.info/index920.html http://luh5.info/index283.html http://luh5.info/index3139.html http://luh5.info/index484.html http://luh5.info/index1695.html http://luh5.info/index4748.html http://luh5.info/index2144.html http://luh5.info/index3954.html http://luh5.info/index4155.html http://luh5.info/index4413.html http://luh5.info/index2241.html http://luh5.info/index317.html http://luh5.info/index893.html http://luh5.info/index4909.html http://luh5.info/index472.html http://luh5.info/index2171.html http://luh5.info/index49.html http://luh5.info/index802.html http://luh5.info/index3207.html http://luh5.info/index363.html http://luh5.info/index3602.html http://luh5.info/index3209.html http://luh5.info/index4646.html http://luh5.info/index1555.html http://luh5.info/index3301.html http://luh5.info/index3844.html http://luh5.info/index3009.html http://luh5.info/index1493.html http://luh5.info/index4892.html http://luh5.info/index3520.html http://luh5.info/index489.html http://luh5.info/index2148.html http://luh5.info/index3105.html http://luh5.info/index351.html http://luh5.info/index1641.html http://luh5.info/index3038.html http://luh5.info/index1644.html http://luh5.info/index3599.html http://luh5.info/index1142.html http://luh5.info/index3816.html http://luh5.info/index2849.html http://luh5.info/index4104.html http://luh5.info/index2801.html http://luh5.info/index1228.html http://luh5.info/index2341.html http://luh5.info/index453.html http://luh5.info/index668.html http://luh5.info/index4430.html http://luh5.info/index2653.html http://luh5.info/index2860.html http://luh5.info/index4403.html http://luh5.info/index3382.html http://luh5.info/index1342.html http://luh5.info/index3559.html http://luh5.info/index46.html http://luh5.info/index3253.html http://luh5.info/index128.html http://luh5.info/index3864.html http://luh5.info/index4218.html http://luh5.info/index3341.html http://luh5.info/index4529.html http://luh5.info/index4631.html http://luh5.info/index3927.html http://luh5.info/index3281.html http://luh5.info/index3367.html http://luh5.info/index1323.html http://luh5.info/index4710.html http://luh5.info/index4211.html http://luh5.info/index4482.html http://luh5.info/index174.html http://luh5.info/index4438.html http://luh5.info/index3909.html http://luh5.info/index3592.html http://luh5.info/index540.html http://luh5.info/index2483.html http://luh5.info/index11.html http://luh5.info/index4122.html http://luh5.info/index836.html http://luh5.info/index2043.html http://luh5.info/index615.html http://luh5.info/index979.html http://luh5.info/index4592.html http://luh5.info/index272.html http://luh5.info/index2458.html http://luh5.info/index3165.html http://luh5.info/index4026.html http://luh5.info/index4887.html http://luh5.info/index198.html http://luh5.info/index3429.html http://luh5.info/index2905.html http://luh5.info/index1550.html http://luh5.info/index1266.html http://luh5.info/index2159.html http://luh5.info/index1244.html http://luh5.info/index4231.html http://luh5.info/index3483.html http://luh5.info/index730.html http://luh5.info/index3256.html http://luh5.info/index4603.html http://luh5.info/index3116.html http://luh5.info/index4734.html http://luh5.info/index2082.html http://luh5.info/index4658.html http://luh5.info/index4997.html http://luh5.info/index1645.html http://luh5.info/index3342.html http://luh5.info/index4907.html http://luh5.info/index4919.html http://luh5.info/index3698.html http://luh5.info/index1324.html http://luh5.info/index3107.html http://luh5.info/index2734.html http://luh5.info/index1711.html http://luh5.info/index2596.html http://luh5.info/index4898.html http://luh5.info/index751.html http://luh5.info/index4967.html http://luh5.info/index4094.html http://luh5.info/index3673.html http://luh5.info/index4038.html http://luh5.info/index4810.html http://luh5.info/index3787.html http://luh5.info/index2527.html http://luh5.info/index683.html http://luh5.info/index2070.html http://luh5.info/index1330.html http://luh5.info/index3796.html http://luh5.info/index3580.html http://luh5.info/index2652.html http://luh5.info/index2226.html http://luh5.info/index1441.html http://luh5.info/index4719.html http://luh5.info/index2522.html http://luh5.info/index3716.html http://luh5.info/index4077.html http://luh5.info/index1495.html http://luh5.info/index3133.html http://luh5.info/index4450.html http://luh5.info/index1102.html http://luh5.info/index4513.html http://luh5.info/index146.html http://luh5.info/index955.html http://luh5.info/index1427.html http://luh5.info/index2669.html http://luh5.info/index4289.html http://luh5.info/index3896.html http://luh5.info/index349.html http://luh5.info/index156.html http://luh5.info/index4300.html http://luh5.info/index3687.html http://luh5.info/index3073.html http://luh5.info/index4341.html http://luh5.info/index4065.html http://luh5.info/index4118.html http://luh5.info/index2752.html http://luh5.info/index4885.html http://luh5.info/index665.html http://luh5.info/index886.html http://luh5.info/index1340.html http://luh5.info/index3435.html http://luh5.info/index1661.html http://luh5.info/index672.html http://luh5.info/index1777.html http://luh5.info/index1007.html http://luh5.info/index4085.html http://luh5.info/index391.html http://luh5.info/index476.html http://luh5.info/index3224.html http://luh5.info/index2651.html http://luh5.info/index4743.html http://luh5.info/index4265.html http://luh5.info/index4399.html http://luh5.info/index1223.html http://luh5.info/index412.html http://luh5.info/index1829.html http://luh5.info/index697.html http://luh5.info/index3092.html http://luh5.info/index4076.html http://luh5.info/index2092.html http://luh5.info/index1504.html http://luh5.info/index882.html http://luh5.info/index2698.html http://luh5.info/index64.html http://luh5.info/index2232.html http://luh5.info/index4872.html http://luh5.info/index2339.html http://luh5.info/index3370.html http://luh5.info/index159.html http://luh5.info/index4920.html http://luh5.info/index608.html http://luh5.info/index818.html http://luh5.info/index65.html http://luh5.info/index2285.html http://luh5.info/index1570.html http://luh5.info/index3739.html http://luh5.info/index625.html http://luh5.info/index3430.html http://luh5.info/index3813.html http://luh5.info/index939.html http://luh5.info/index320.html http://luh5.info/index1170.html http://luh5.info/index2555.html http://luh5.info/index743.html http://luh5.info/index1652.html http://luh5.info/index3678.html http://luh5.info/index2802.html http://luh5.info/index4165.html http://luh5.info/index1322.html http://luh5.info/index3309.html http://luh5.info/index3934.html http://luh5.info/index2770.html http://luh5.info/index3388.html http://luh5.info/index237.html http://luh5.info/index820.html http://luh5.info/index2077.html http://luh5.info/index950.html http://luh5.info/index1234.html http://luh5.info/index3308.html http://luh5.info/index3236.html http://luh5.info/index3028.html http://luh5.info/index1461.html http://luh5.info/index354.html http://luh5.info/index477.html http://luh5.info/index3675.html http://luh5.info/index2560.html http://luh5.info/index983.html http://luh5.info/index3781.html http://luh5.info/index1996.html http://luh5.info/index1566.html http://luh5.info/index1307.html http://luh5.info/index2510.html http://luh5.info/index3570.html http://luh5.info/index1320.html http://luh5.info/index4481.html http://luh5.info/index3637.html http://luh5.info/index3011.html http://luh5.info/index3604.html http://luh5.info/index2645.html http://luh5.info/index3906.html http://luh5.info/index1459.html http://luh5.info/index3128.html http://luh5.info/index1543.html http://luh5.info/index3287.html http://luh5.info/index3761.html http://luh5.info/index4639.html http://luh5.info/index3029.html http://luh5.info/index1106.html http://luh5.info/index3912.html http://luh5.info/index1537.html http://luh5.info/index2002.html http://luh5.info/index195.html http://luh5.info/index340.html http://luh5.info/index1013.html http://luh5.info/index1534.html http://luh5.info/index4310.html http://luh5.info/index2061.html http://luh5.info/index2125.html http://luh5.info/index3857.html http://luh5.info/index2462.html http://luh5.info/index2828.html http://luh5.info/index2355.html http://luh5.info/index2038.html http://luh5.info/index4066.html http://luh5.info/index4591.html http://luh5.info/index1665.html http://luh5.info/index105.html http://luh5.info/index3670.html http://luh5.info/index1765.html http://luh5.info/index1903.html http://luh5.info/index3957.html http://luh5.info/index3081.html http://luh5.info/map.b.html http://luh5.info/index4792.html http://luh5.info/index1068.html http://luh5.info/index805.html http://luh5.info/index2321.html http://luh5.info/index1676.html http://luh5.info/index2085.html http://luh5.info/index4436.html http://luh5.info/index2163.html http://luh5.info/index2964.html http://luh5.info/index4401.html http://luh5.info/index4947.html http://luh5.info/index3950.html http://luh5.info/index2420.html http://luh5.info/index3254.html http://luh5.info/index1984.html http://luh5.info/index26.html http://luh5.info/index1982.html http://luh5.info/index1917.html http://luh5.info/index3413.html http://luh5.info/index1902.html http://luh5.info/index188.html http://luh5.info/index2869.html http://luh5.info/index3250.html http://luh5.info/index3949.html http://luh5.info/index1292.html http://luh5.info/index1991.html http://luh5.info/index3486.html http://luh5.info/index2405.html http://luh5.info/index3733.html http://luh5.info/index1860.html http://luh5.info/index319.html http://luh5.info/index2172.html http://luh5.info/index4429.html http://luh5.info/index1762.html http://luh5.info/index3643.html http://luh5.info/index3362.html http://luh5.info/index3667.html http://luh5.info/index1156.html http://luh5.info/index4726.html http://luh5.info/index3806.html http://luh5.info/index3765.html http://luh5.info/index4146.html http://luh5.info/index2549.html http://luh5.info/index3623.html http://luh5.info/index401.html http://luh5.info/index1822.html http://luh5.info/index2472.html http://luh5.info/index2298.html http://luh5.info/index2397.html http://luh5.info/index1.html http://luh5.info/index4103.html http://luh5.info/index1931.html http://luh5.info/index3166.html http://luh5.info/index4835.html http://luh5.info/index3947.html http://luh5.info/index1341.html http://luh5.info/index2950.html http://luh5.info/index438.html http://luh5.info/index4285.html http://luh5.info/index490.html http://luh5.info/index3298.html http://luh5.info/index2677.html http://luh5.info/index1920.html http://luh5.info/index2997.html http://luh5.info/index4949.html http://luh5.info/index2807.html http://luh5.info/index4894.html http://luh5.info/index4853.html http://luh5.info/index1936.html http://luh5.info/index3051.html http://luh5.info/index1734.html http://luh5.info/index4877.html http://luh5.info/index3659.html http://luh5.info/index1137.html http://luh5.info/index679.html http://luh5.info/index297.html http://luh5.info/index3901.html http://luh5.info/index1336.html http://luh5.info/index1026.html http://luh5.info/index3982.html http://luh5.info/index3437.html http://luh5.info/index2821.html http://luh5.info/index1892.html http://luh5.info/index2025.html http://luh5.info/index3458.html http://luh5.info/index3237.html http://luh5.info/index3346.html http://luh5.info/index1063.html http://luh5.info/index4674.html http://luh5.info/index3700.html http://luh5.info/index4700.html http://luh5.info/index2837.html http://luh5.info/index4497.html http://luh5.info/index1623.html http://luh5.info/index4402.html http://luh5.info/index1024.html http://luh5.info/index3143.html http://luh5.info/index998.html http://luh5.info/index404.html http://luh5.info/index3012.html http://luh5.info/index1608.html http://luh5.info/index1884.html http://luh5.info/index2733.html http://luh5.info/index2894.html http://luh5.info/index398.html http://luh5.info/index1592.html http://luh5.info/index1512.html http://luh5.info/index1432.html http://luh5.info/index4680.html http://luh5.info/index2018.html http://luh5.info/index1778.html http://luh5.info/index2311.html http://luh5.info/index3380.html http://luh5.info/index3822.html http://luh5.info/index789.html http://luh5.info/index1510.html http://luh5.info/index3359.html http://luh5.info/index1110.html http://luh5.info/index2074.html http://luh5.info/index1369.html http://luh5.info/index1654.html http://luh5.info/index3228.html http://luh5.info/index2701.html http://luh5.info/index3645.html http://luh5.info/index823.html http://luh5.info/index2192.html http://luh5.info/index4707.html http://luh5.info/index3524.html http://luh5.info/index1284.html http://luh5.info/index3671.html http://luh5.info/index2601.html http://luh5.info/index1268.html http://luh5.info/index3036.html http://luh5.info/index3788.html http://luh5.info/index2638.html http://luh5.info/index1951.html http://luh5.info/index626.html http://luh5.info/index4806.html http://luh5.info/index2761.html http://luh5.info/index3699.html http://luh5.info/index443.html http://luh5.info/index2040.html http://luh5.info/index3823.html http://luh5.info/index2535.html http://luh5.info/index1950.html http://luh5.info/index2979.html http://luh5.info/index3576.html http://luh5.info/index2188.html http://luh5.info/index918.html http://luh5.info/index4032.html http://luh5.info/index747.html http://luh5.info/index2158.html http://luh5.info/index1833.html http://luh5.info/index2626.html http://luh5.info/index225.html http://luh5.info/index3904.html http://luh5.info/index4818.html http://luh5.info/index3229.html http://luh5.info/index2715.html http://luh5.info/index2643.html http://luh5.info/index4421.html http://luh5.info/index132.html http://luh5.info/index1667.html http://luh5.info/index3419.html http://luh5.info/index1091.html http://luh5.info/index4089.html http://luh5.info/index3348.html http://luh5.info/index4311.html http://luh5.info/index2768.html http://luh5.info/index913.html http://luh5.info/index3467.html http://luh5.info/index2455.html http://luh5.info/index434.html http://luh5.info/index4386.html http://luh5.info/index1825.html http://luh5.info/index2304.html http://luh5.info/index419.html http://luh5.info/index4208.html http://luh5.info/index4695.html http://luh5.info/index1633.html http://luh5.info/index737.html http://luh5.info/index3322.html http://luh5.info/index2769.html http://luh5.info/index1448.html http://luh5.info/index3456.html http://luh5.info/index2634.html http://luh5.info/index109.html http://luh5.info/index1455.html http://luh5.info/index3805.html http://luh5.info/index923.html http://luh5.info/index3405.html http://luh5.info/index123.html http://luh5.info/index2660.html http://luh5.info/index2938.html http://luh5.info/index234.html http://luh5.info/index1419.html http://luh5.info/index445.html http://luh5.info/index327.html http://luh5.info/index2388.html http://luh5.info/index336.html http://luh5.info/index2198.html http://luh5.info/index3817.html http://luh5.info/index4644.html http://luh5.info/index3330.html http://luh5.info/index2105.html http://luh5.info/index3894.html http://luh5.info/index1700.html http://luh5.info/index1430.html http://luh5.info/index4550.html http://luh5.info/index2431.html http://luh5.info/index1795.html http://luh5.info/index1021.html http://luh5.info/index394.html http://luh5.info/index522.html http://luh5.info/index96.html http://luh5.info/index439.html http://luh5.info/index2245.html http://luh5.info/index87.html http://luh5.info/index2779.html http://luh5.info/index1204.html http://luh5.info/index1590.html http://luh5.info/index2571.html http://luh5.info/index4498.html http://luh5.info/index2717.html http://luh5.info/index4616.html http://luh5.info/map.f.html http://luh5.info/index4752.html http://luh5.info/index3683.html http://luh5.info/index2426.html http://luh5.info/index586.html http://luh5.info/index3689.html http://luh5.info/index4180.html http://luh5.info/index684.html http://luh5.info/index364.html http://luh5.info/index4742.html http://luh5.info/index4141.html http://luh5.info/index2031.html http://luh5.info/index843.html http://luh5.info/index1651.html http://luh5.info/index4679.html http://luh5.info/index1770.html http://luh5.info/index152.html http://luh5.info/index848.html http://luh5.info/index4175.html http://luh5.info/index432.html http://luh5.info/index3664.html http://luh5.info/index75.html http://luh5.info/index3106.html http://luh5.info/index14.html http://luh5.info/map.p.html http://luh5.info/index4353.html http://luh5.info/index3190.html http://luh5.info/index993.html http://luh5.info/index1945.html http://luh5.info/index4010.html http://luh5.info/index534.html http://luh5.info/index835.html http://luh5.info/index3815.html http://luh5.info/index4298.html http://luh5.info/index2604.html http://luh5.info/index4188.html http://luh5.info/index273.html http://luh5.info/index1886.html http://luh5.info/index1236.html http://luh5.info/index4905.html http://luh5.info/index1127.html http://luh5.info/index519.html http://luh5.info/index529.html http://luh5.info/index2204.html http://luh5.info/index3164.html http://luh5.info/index3350.html http://luh5.info/index169.html http://luh5.info/index2854.html http://luh5.info/index817.html http://luh5.info/index595.html http://luh5.info/index2872.html http://luh5.info/index2201.html http://luh5.info/index3818.html http://luh5.info/index1144.html http://luh5.info/index2594.html http://luh5.info/index2547.html http://luh5.info/index4568.html http://luh5.info/index3642.html http://luh5.info/index281.html http://luh5.info/index3042.html http://luh5.info/index4251.html http://luh5.info/index2137.html http://luh5.info/index3246.html http://luh5.info/index4068.html http://luh5.info/index2073.html http://luh5.info/index2711.html http://luh5.info/index3911.html http://luh5.info/index3600.html http://luh5.info/index3694.html http://luh5.info/index4873.html http://luh5.info/index1411.html http://luh5.info/index2216.html http://luh5.info/index2765.html http://luh5.info/index4387.html http://luh5.info/index299.html http://luh5.info/index4485.html http://luh5.info/index57.html http://luh5.info/index122.html http://luh5.info/index1462.html http://luh5.info/index2215.html http://luh5.info/index3874.html http://luh5.info/index2448.html http://luh5.info/index1318.html http://luh5.info/index2313.html http://luh5.info/index186.html http://luh5.info/index3221.html http://luh5.info/index3361.html http://luh5.info/index309.html http://luh5.info/index3918.html http://luh5.info/index2013.html http://luh5.info/index4391.html http://luh5.info/index2773.html http://luh5.info/index630.html http://luh5.info/index2666.html http://luh5.info/map.u.html http://luh5.info/index4753.html http://luh5.info/index1803.html http://luh5.info/index1774.html http://luh5.info/index4589.html http://luh5.info/index4492.html http://luh5.info/index3464.html http://luh5.info/index1005.html http://luh5.info/index228.html http://luh5.info/index2063.html http://luh5.info/index184.html http://luh5.info/index3902.html http://luh5.info/index4838.html http://luh5.info/index4228.html http://luh5.info/index166.html http://luh5.info/index3514.html http://luh5.info/index1355.html http://luh5.info/index1321.html http://luh5.info/index4345.html http://luh5.info/index2280.html http://luh5.info/index1580.html http://luh5.info/index2423.html http://luh5.info/index2811.html http://luh5.info/index264.html http://luh5.info/index3963.html http://luh5.info/index1739.html http://luh5.info/index2840.html http://luh5.info/index2089.html http://luh5.info/index559.html http://luh5.info/index2272.html http://luh5.info/index218.html http://luh5.info/index1220.html http://luh5.info/index321.html http://luh5.info/index4538.html http://luh5.info/index4956.html http://luh5.info/index144.html http://luh5.info/index3889.html http://luh5.info/index2646.html http://luh5.info/index4084.html http://luh5.info/index4783.html http://luh5.info/index2742.html http://luh5.info/index1755.html http://luh5.info/index786.html http://luh5.info/index3203.html http://luh5.info/index2771.html http://luh5.info/index3172.html http://luh5.info/index1159.html http://luh5.info/index2973.html http://luh5.info/index2542.html http://luh5.info/index4978.html http://luh5.info/index2976.html http://luh5.info/index3295.html http://luh5.info/index372.html http://luh5.info/index3552.html http://luh5.info/index4781.html http://luh5.info/index23.html http://luh5.info/index3729.html http://luh5.info/index1565.html http://luh5.info/index3557.html http://luh5.info/index3513.html http://luh5.info/index4075.html http://luh5.info/index576.html http://luh5.info/index3498.html http://luh5.info/index1116.html http://luh5.info/index889.html http://luh5.info/index3653.html http://luh5.info/index4864.html http://luh5.info/index305.html http://luh5.info/index1932.html http://luh5.info/index2110.html http://luh5.info/index1259.html http://luh5.info/index251.html http://luh5.info/index1845.html http://luh5.info/index3317.html http://luh5.info/index2656.html http://luh5.info/index3691.html http://luh5.info/index4823.html http://luh5.info/index604.html http://luh5.info/index935.html http://luh5.info/index2508.html http://luh5.info/index2776.html http://luh5.info/index602.html http://luh5.info/index4333.html http://luh5.info/index883.html http://luh5.info/index1522.html http://luh5.info/index4168.html http://luh5.info/index2418.html http://luh5.info/index2784.html http://luh5.info/index1431.html http://luh5.info/index1967.html http://luh5.info/index4698.html http://luh5.info/index2208.html http://luh5.info/index2992.html http://luh5.info/index4586.html http://luh5.info/index4449.html http://luh5.info/index126.html http://luh5.info/index3110.html http://luh5.info/index4136.html http://luh5.info/index3746.html http://luh5.info/index1207.html http://luh5.info/index4043.html http://luh5.info/index4986.html http://luh5.info/index2335.html http://luh5.info/index961.html http://luh5.info/index1575.html http://luh5.info/index4543.html http://luh5.info/index1602.html http://luh5.info/index4115.html http://luh5.info/index3951.html http://luh5.info/index2546.html http://luh5.info/index1864.html http://luh5.info/index3539.html http://luh5.info/index4335.html http://luh5.info/index4005.html http://luh5.info/index4317.html http://luh5.info/index4902.html http://luh5.info/index2635.html http://luh5.info/index865.html http://luh5.info/index553.html http://luh5.info/index175.html http://luh5.info/index4255.html http://luh5.info/index2947.html http://luh5.info/index880.html http://luh5.info/index2576.html http://luh5.info/index691.html http://luh5.info/index544.html http://luh5.info/index4309.html http://luh5.info/index3400.html http://luh5.info/map.z.html http://luh5.info/index3647.html http://luh5.info/index1250.html http://luh5.info/index4916.html http://luh5.info/index729.html http://luh5.info/index2028.html http://luh5.info/index4512.html http://luh5.info/index4983.html http://luh5.info/index55.html http://luh5.info/index2876.html http://luh5.info/index1328.html http://luh5.info/index1205.html http://luh5.info/index2842.html http://luh5.info/index3189.html http://luh5.info/index2262.html http://luh5.info/index402.html http://luh5.info/index4819.html http://luh5.info/index149.html http://luh5.info/index1186.html http://luh5.info/index2822.html http://luh5.info/index4336.html http://luh5.info/index2611.html http://luh5.info/index1239.html http://luh5.info/index907.html http://luh5.info/index4217.html http://luh5.info/index4049.html http://luh5.info/index2682.html http://luh5.info/index3778.html http://luh5.info/index2356.html http://luh5.info/index1081.html http://luh5.info/index1500.html http://luh5.info/index4000.html http://luh5.info/index2528.html http://luh5.info/index2884.html http://luh5.info/index722.html http://luh5.info/index478.html http://luh5.info/index4886.html http://luh5.info/index1078.html http://luh5.info/index749.html http://luh5.info/index457.html http://luh5.info/index3808.html http://luh5.info/index701.html http://luh5.info/index861.html http://luh5.info/index4537.html http://luh5.info/index1105.html http://luh5.info/index1971.html http://luh5.info/index4347.html http://luh5.info/index4114.html http://luh5.info/index1767.html http://luh5.info/index924.html http://luh5.info/index66.html http://luh5.info/index2839.html http://luh5.info/index3284.html http://luh5.info/index1099.html http://luh5.info/index1957.html http://luh5.info/index808.html http://luh5.info/index4035.html http://luh5.info/index4072.html http://luh5.info/index393.html http://luh5.info/index94.html http://luh5.info/index991.html http://luh5.info/index605.html http://luh5.info/index4954.html http://luh5.info/index356.html http://luh5.info/index3351.html http://luh5.info/index148.html http://luh5.info/index621.html http://luh5.info/index2165.html http://luh5.info/index1798.html http://luh5.info/index4926.html http://luh5.info/index2160.html http://luh5.info/index1786.html http://luh5.info/index1826.html http://luh5.info/index4069.html http://luh5.info/index1952.html http://luh5.info/index670.html http://luh5.info/index1664.html http://luh5.info/index952.html http://luh5.info/index3644.html http://luh5.info/index4728.html http://luh5.info/index1506.html http://luh5.info/map.c.html http://luh5.info/index4800.html http://luh5.info/index4456.html http://luh5.info/index120.html http://luh5.info/index1928.html http://luh5.info/index4692.html http://luh5.info/index858.html http://luh5.info/index2236.html http://luh5.info/index1629.html http://luh5.info/index2873.html http://luh5.info/index545.html http://luh5.info/index460.html http://luh5.info/index3103.html http://luh5.info/index3167.html http://luh5.info/index4083.html http://luh5.info/index3564.html http://luh5.info/index587.html http://luh5.info/index3635.html http://luh5.info/index4782.html http://luh5.info/index4539.html http://luh5.info/index2193.html http://luh5.info/index4407.html http://luh5.info/index2662.html http://luh5.info/index4515.html http://luh5.info/index1438.html http://luh5.info/index1890.html http://luh5.info/index1612.html http://luh5.info/index444.html http://luh5.info/index638.html http://luh5.info/index150.html http://luh5.info/index4711.html http://luh5.info/index3688.html http://luh5.info/index2389.html http://luh5.info/index3676.html http://luh5.info/index3989.html http://luh5.info/index2213.html http://luh5.info/index2536.html http://luh5.info/index1994.html http://luh5.info/index4952.html http://luh5.info/index3088.html http://luh5.info/index40.html http://luh5.info/index523.html http://luh5.info/index2538.html http://luh5.info/index4361.html http://luh5.info/index3972.html http://luh5.info/index3289.html http://luh5.info/index1385.html http://luh5.info/index4964.html http://luh5.info/index396.html http://luh5.info/index4642.html http://luh5.info/index4587.html http://luh5.info/index779.html http://luh5.info/index4722.html http://luh5.info/index3184.html http://luh5.info/index435.html http://luh5.info/index4061.html http://luh5.info/index4324.html http://luh5.info/index2008.html http://luh5.info/index13.html http://luh5.info/index1094.html http://luh5.info/index695.html http://luh5.info/index2134.html http://luh5.info/index790.html http://luh5.info/index1878.html http://luh5.info/index1815.html http://luh5.info/index2250.html http://luh5.info/index2016.html http://luh5.info/index1315.html http://luh5.info/index1993.html http://luh5.info/index4951.html http://luh5.info/index4509.html http://luh5.info/index1407.html http://luh5.info/index1120.html http://luh5.info/index4701.html http://luh5.info/index3640.html http://luh5.info/index3114.html http://luh5.info/index3749.html http://luh5.info/index980.html http://luh5.info/index4830.html http://luh5.info/index1561.html http://luh5.info/index1393.html http://luh5.info/index718.html http://luh5.info/index2674.html http://luh5.info/index3598.html http://luh5.info/index2599.html http://luh5.info/index3276.html http://luh5.info/index2871.html http://luh5.info/index1898.html http://luh5.info/index162.html http://luh5.info/index4478.html http://luh5.info/index3423.html http://luh5.info/index4713.html http://luh5.info/index92.html http://luh5.info/index4181.html http://luh5.info/index1009.html http://luh5.info/index1948.html http://luh5.info/index3318.html http://luh5.info/index1574.html http://luh5.info/index2437.html http://luh5.info/index3484.html http://luh5.info/index4395.html http://luh5.info/index1248.html http://luh5.info/map.g.html http://luh5.info/index2404.html http://luh5.info/index2832.html http://luh5.info/index4576.html http://luh5.info/index3649.html http://luh5.info/index2845.html http://luh5.info/index4636.html http://luh5.info/index376.html http://luh5.info/index1111.html http://luh5.info/index4677.html http://luh5.info/index3631.html http://luh5.info/index3775.html http://luh5.info/index2030.html http://luh5.info/index1663.html http://luh5.info/index2831.html http://luh5.info/index3577.html http://luh5.info/index2434.html http://luh5.info/index4179.html http://luh5.info/index3845.html http://luh5.info/index2960.html http://luh5.info/index1587.html http://luh5.info/index2629.html http://luh5.info/index2444.html http://luh5.info/index2320.html http://luh5.info/index4420.html http://luh5.info/index1482.html http://luh5.info/index824.html http://luh5.info/index2156.html http://luh5.info/index3044.html http://luh5.info/index4518.html http://luh5.info/index760.html http://luh5.info/index1406.html http://luh5.info/index2892.html http://luh5.info/index3855.html http://luh5.info/index597.html http://luh5.info/index2194.html http://luh5.info/index908.html http://luh5.info/index3062.html http://luh5.info/index1968.html http://luh5.info/index2935.html http://luh5.info/index4460.html http://luh5.info/index3434.html http://luh5.info/map.q.html http://luh5.info/index4732.html http://luh5.info/index4273.html http://luh5.info/index9.html http://luh5.info/index657.html http://luh5.info/index3441.html http://luh5.info/index1844.html http://luh5.info/index4451.html http://luh5.info/index4676.html http://luh5.info/index2323.html http://luh5.info/index4088.html http://luh5.info/index3492.html http://luh5.info/index3157.html http://luh5.info/index4378.html http://luh5.info/index2577.html http://luh5.info/index2248.html http://luh5.info/index2398.html http://luh5.info/index3890.html http://luh5.info/index4601.html http://luh5.info/index986.html http://luh5.info/index1344.html http://luh5.info/index4009.html http://luh5.info/index2440.html http://luh5.info/index210.html http://luh5.info/index1718.html http://luh5.info/index2809.html http://luh5.info/index1855.html http://luh5.info/index4200.html http://luh5.info/index4946.html http://luh5.info/index1888.html http://luh5.info/index2091.html http://luh5.info/index2387.html http://luh5.info/index3340.html http://luh5.info/index4027.html http://luh5.info/index1155.html